This is an attempt to articulate social stratification in Iran and provide empirical proof for it. Critiquing the functional theory of Davis and Moor, the paper provides a new conceptualization for social stratification. It notes that since the publication of Davis and Moors article in 1945, their formulations have remained in the realm of theoretical discussions while social stratification has continued to act as the basis of human society formations and the focus of sociologists endeavors. The paper argues that a reexamination of Davis and Moors theory is required to relate it to social stratifications in the contemporary societies. In addition to addressing the shortcomings in the theory of Davis and Moor, it presents an empirical model for Iran adaptable to other societies.

In this study, a one-dimensional model called DYRESM was used to simulate the thermal structure and artificial desertification of 15-Khordad Reservoir over a period of one year. The simulation showed that the reservoir is warm monomictic and is stratified during 210 days of the simulation year. The model reproduced the temperature of the meta- and hypolimnion very close to the observed data, but the temperature of the epilimnion was overestimated. As the meteorological data used for the simulation was collected in a nearby weather station, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of meteorological data bias on the simulation results. Air temperature, shortwave solar radiation, wind speed and vapour pressure were found to be, respectively, the most effective parameters. Furthermore, applications of two artificial destratification systems: bubble plume diffuser and surface mechanical mixer, were modelled. The sensitivity of the model outputs to the specifications of each system was investigated and the two systems were compared considering their efficiencies. It was revealed that the air diffusers were much more efficient than the mechanical mixers. This study showed that the DYRESM can accurately describe physical processes in this reservoir if the forcings are accurately given and the application of bubble is recommended for artificial desertification in this reservoir.

Background and Objectives: Brucellae are gram-negative intracellular pathogens which cause zoonotic disease in humans. Clinical manifestations of brucellosis in human are variable and often are non-specific, and the diagnosis requires fast and accurate confirmation. Since the use of serum instead of whole-blood samples offers several advantages for nucleic acid amplification methods, in this study we developed an improved PCR assay for the rapid and specific laboratory diagnosis of human brucellosis directly from serum specimens.Material and Methods: DNA was extracted from 100 µL of serum from 30 patients with acute serologic brucellosis. The PCR reaction was carried out with Specific primers. Second PCR reaction for reamplification of the first reaction products was designed.Results: a 223 bp conserved region on the sequence encoding the 31-KDa immunogenic outer membrane protein which is specific to the genus Brucella (BCSP31) and present in all its biovars was amplified in all serum samples.Conclusion: For confirmation and efficient amplification of the specific target, reamplification of the first PCR products had a sharper banding patterns with high sensitivity and specificity that might be considered as a new useful method for diagnosis of human brucellosis in serum specimens.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In infertility without suffering tubal factor, IUI is the choice therapeutic method. Some studies recommended double IUI for every cycle. Since double IUI needs more laboratory materials and more expenses, so in this study it was tried to evaluate pregnancy rate in infertile couples after single and double IUI.METHODS: This clinical trial study was performed on infertile couples referred to Fatemeh Alzahra or Babol Clinic hospital for IUI cycles. Patients divided into two groups. In the first group, 36 hours after HCG injection, IUI was done as a single protocol and in the other group; IUI was done 24 & 72 hours after HCG injection as double protocol. Then data were analyzed by fishers exact test.FINDINGS: Two hundred and fifteen women participated in our study and their mean age was 26.02±5.5 and the mean (±SD) duration of infertility was 3.73 (±2.75) years. In the first group, pregnancy rate was 16.9% and in second group it was 19.6% without any significant difference between two groups. Also, there was no significant difference between groups in pregnancy rate with different etiology of infertility.CONCLUSION: Some studies recommended that double IUI is more successful than single IUI But present findings suggest that there is no difference in pregnancy rate between single IUI and double IUI.

Stratified sampling is one of the most widely used sampling designs. In some cases, it is up to the researcher to determine the boundaries of the strata, and in some cases, the population is already stratified. The optimal classification is obtained for a situation of strata boundries, where the variance of the population mean (or total) estimator reaches its lowest value. In traditional methods, the variance of the estimator is considered as a function of the strata boiundries for the response variable, in order to reach the minimum of the variance, equations are obtained which are often solved by numerical methods. The first deficiency of this method is not considering all auxiliary variables. For example, in estimating the average income, classifying the society based on factors such as gender and job history can not only increase the efficiency of the estimator, but also make the interpretability and generalizability of the results easier. The second one is complex equations that do not have a closed and understandable solutions n this paper, we have tried to construct the optimal classification based on a new criterion that is a combination of variance and a penalty for increasing the number of strata, so that important auxiliary variables in the formation of the decision tree determine the boundries of the strata. The classification process starts from the saturated tree and with successive pruning until reaching the root node, the number of strata decreases, the optimal stratification is achieved based on the introduced combined criterion.

The principle of "social inequality", which refers to the difference in enjoying social benefits, is rooted in anthropological principles and social necessities. Therefore, it has positive outcomes for the society, but the way it is formed and its degree can have adverse consequences in society. Using the logical analysis method, this research presents some prominent people’s views on the consequences of social stratification. It seems that social inequality can negatively affect social cohesion and pave the way for social resentment. It also causes many deviations in both privileged and deprived classes of the society.

This paper addresses the age groups as one of the new sources of social inequality and stratification and the way in which differences in cultural orientation as the outcome are taking. The main objective of the paper is to examine the differences or contradictions of values and attitudes of the mentioned groups. To this end, we examined the previous researches according to qualitative meta-analysis method. The results verified that the assumption of the existence a gap between the young and the adult is not real. However, despite the similarities between the fundamental assumptions and end values of age groups, their approaches towards obtaining these values and instrumental orientations are noticeably different. In fact, it can be claimed that some of the structural changes are apparently caused by the spread of learning involving all social and age groups, whereas some others have been influenced by special young groups.

Background: This study evaluates cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) as a predictor of 30-day postoperative mortality and modifiesParsonnet and Euro SCORE models accordingly to develop a new model. Methods: Information of 1920 consecutive patients who underwent elective and emergent surgery in our center was collected. Parsonnet and Euro SCORE model parameters in addition to 81 variables including perioperative information gathered. Followingstatistical analysis by R software a new model considering CPB under the name of Iranian model was designed. Parsonnet and EuroSCORE models were recalibrated and CPB variable was entered. Data validation was performed in 40 consecutive patients. Results: P value of our five predictor models including Iranian, Parsonnet (P) and modified Parsonnet (MP), Euro SCORE (ES) andmodified Euro SCORE (MES) models were < 2e-16. Iranian model has a lower overestimation of mortality (0. 4375) and its area undercurve (AUC) was higher (0. 9537). AUCof P, MP, ES andMESmodels were 0. 9551, 0. 9841, 0. 8659 and 0. 9465 respectively. Overestimationof early post operative mortality of P, MP, ES and MES models were 0. 6483, 0. 5271, 0. 6267 and 0. 5056 respectively. Conclusions: This study confirmed that CPB as a variable is a predictor of mortality and is applicable in risk stratification models. CPB increases AUC and decreases Overestimation of mortality. Iranian model as the first CPB dependent mortality prediction modelhas more accurate mortality estimation in respect to other models.